Ghazali’s Paradoxical views

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

associate professor of Isfahan University

Abstract

Ghazali’s Paradoxical views: Abstract:Abu Hamed Mohammad Ghazali is one of those tinkers who through the vicissitudes of his life opposed different opinion; He challenged their acts and views of his predecessors and his contemporary for what he deems was appropriate for Muslims worldly life and their religious beliefs.
In his works, he introduces criteria for dealing with the views of others: acceptable or unacceptable to us and invites everybody to follow them.
This article aims to test Ghazali's adherence to these criteria and accomplishes this by comparing his approach to Philosophers and scientists on the one hand and Sufis on the other.

By comparing his attitude with the actions and thoughts of these three groups, it becomes clear that appropriate criteria such as open-mindedness, impartiality, protecting the lives of Muslims, avoiding groups’ bias and so on, has been paradoxically and dual articulated in his thinking and have been reflected on his works.

Keywords


 
1.The Holy Quran.
2. Ardakani, Seyed Hassan, (2010), "Al-Ghazali and the Ethics of Judgment", in: Collection of Al-Ghazali Research Articles, by Hedayat Jalili, Tehran: Khane - ye- Ketab, pp: 126-147.
3. Baghdadi, Abdul Qahir, (Bita), Al-Farq Bin Al-Farq, research by Mohieddin Abdul Hamid, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
4. Daneshpajooh, Mohammad Taghi, (2010), "Ghazali's Satire or two Forms of his Satire" , quoted in: Ghazalinameh, vol. 1, by Meysam Karami, Tehran: Hekmat Publications in Collaboration with Iran Institute for Wisdom and Philosophy, pp: 109-145.
5. Dunya, Suleiman, (1972), Research and Presentation on Tahafat - al-Falasafeh, Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.
6. Ebrahimi Dinani, Gholam Hossein, (2011), Logic and Knowledge in Ghazali's View, Tehran: Amirkabir.
7. Ibn Sina, Hussein Ibn Abdullah, (1949), Al-Azvahiah fe Amr - al- Maad, research by Suleiman Donya, Cairo: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi.
8. Ibn Sina, Hussein Ibn Abdullah, (1985), Alnejah Men - al-Ghargh fe Bahr - al-Zelalat, edited by Mohammad Taqi Daneshpajooh, Tehran: Tehran university Press.
9. Ibn Sina, Hussein Ibn Abdullah, (1997), Theology from Al-Shafa, research by Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli, Qom: Islamic Publicity Office.
10. Ibn Sina, Hussein Ibn Abdullah, (2000), Al-Eshareh va Al-Tanbihat, vol. 3, Tehran: Book Publishing Office.
11. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1948), Fazael al-Anam men Rasael Hojjat al-Islam (Ghazali's Persian Writings), Edited by Abbas Eghbal, Tehran: Ibn Sina Bookstore.
12. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1964), Fazayeh Al-Bateneyah, Compiled by Abdul Rahman Badawi, Cairo: Al-Dar Al-Ghomiah.
13. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1972), Tahaft al-Falasafa, research and presentation by Suleiman Donya, Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif.
14. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1981), A Treatise on Follery, The People of Ebaheh, (included in: Renewal Twice), Tehran: University Publishing Center.
15. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1984), Jawaher Al-Quran, a research by Sheikh Mohammad Rashid Reza Al-Qabani, Beirut: Dar Al-Ehia Al-Alum.
16. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1991), Faisal al-Tafraqah bin Al-Islam and Al-Zandiqah, comparison by Mahmoud Bijou, Damascus: s.n..
17. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1992), Al-Eghtesad fe Al-Eteghad, Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Almiyeh.
18. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (1992), Alchemy of Happiness, edited by Ahmad Aram, Tehran: Publishers.
19. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (2002), Penned on Overruling the People of Ebaheh, Contained in: Renewals Twice, Tehran: Tehran University publication.
20. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. a), Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn, Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah.
21. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. b), Kholase Al- Tasanif, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
22. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. c), Meraj Al-Salkin, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
23. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. d), Bedayat al- Hedayah, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
24. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. e), Rouzat al-Talebin va Omdat - al- Salekin, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
25. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. f), Eljam - al-Avam en Elm-al-Kalam, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
26. Ghazali, Abu Hamid Mohammad, (n.d. g), Almenghaz men- Alzelal, collected works of Imam Mohamad Al-Ghazali, compiled by Ibrahim Mohammed Amin, Cairo: Al-Muktabah Al-Tawfiqiah.
27. Korban, Henry, (1998), History of Islamic Philosophy, translated by Javad Tabatabai, Tehran: Kavir.
 28. Mufid, Mohammad Ibn Numan, (1981), Al-Amali, research by Ali Akbar Ghaffari and Hussein Estad Wali, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute.
29. Pourjavadi, Nasrallah, (2002a), Renewal Twice, Tehran: University Publishing Center.
30. Rahimpour, Foroughsadat, (2012), "A Critique of the Position of Women in Ghazali Thought", Quarterly, Journal of Women, 3(1), pp: 71-100.
31. Sheikh, Saeed, (1986), Ghazali's Influence, translated by Nasrullah Pourjavadi, listed in the history of Islamic philosophy, Mian Mohammad Sharif, Compilation and Persian translation supervised by Nasrullah Pourjavadi, Tehran: University Publication Center.
32. Tusi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn al-Hassan, (1992), Al-Amali, Qom: Dar al-Thaqafa.
33. Yathribi, Yahya, (2005), Critique of Ghazali, An Analysis of Imam Mohammad Ghazali's Wisdom and Religiosity, Tehran: Andisha - ye-Javan Center
34. Zare Company, Mehdi, (2012), Al-Ghazali's intellectual life, Correction, translation, analysis and critique of Almenghaz men- Al-Zelal, Tehran: Negah - e-Moaser.