The interpretations of the essence of authentic originality and existential authenticity within the framework of Sohrevardi’s philosophy
nematollah
badakhshan
Assist. of Prof. of Shiraz University
author
text
article
2019
per
This article mainly intends to investigate the different interpretations of authentic originality and existential authenticity within the framework of Sohrevardi’s philosophy. As has been discussed in his various works, an interpretation with full authentic originality and existential authenticity does not entirely match his statements about existence, nature, and the relationship between them. However, the interpretation of his views based on authentic identity, compared to other interpretations, renders a more acceptable and cohesive view of Sohrevardi’s philosophical epistemology. This article proves that the view of authenticity of identity, compared to the views of existential authenticity and authenticity of nature is more in line with Sohrevardi’s perspective. This conclusion seems to be more exact since it was derived by examining different applications of the concepts of existence and nature in his philosophy as well as the premises in the relevant literature proposed by Muslim philosophers. In his discussion of the “real forged”, Sohrevardi, to show his particular view of identity, considers the identity of objects (special beings) to be authentic and real affairs, which is different from the terms of existential authenticity and originality of nature in its later meaning in transcendental wisdom of Sadra.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
1
26
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5241_58b8fe06af3044545f2cb402c0c00d31.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5241
Philosophical Analysis of the Meaning of Volitional Death within Mulla Sadra’s Perspective
Einollah
khademi
shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University
author
Abdollah
Salavati
استادیار دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی
author
Lila
Purakbar
دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه تربیت دبیر شهید رجایی
author
text
article
2019
per
The present study is aimed at investigating the meaning and essence of the volitional dealth according to Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra believes that volitional death refers to the soul's refusal to use the external senses. He is of the belief that sensory perception is not competent enough to perceive the otherworldly affairs; then man, before natural death, is able to make use of the inner senses in order to understand the otherworldly affairs. Of the inner perceptions, imaginary perception is of paramount importance in the philosophy of Mulla Sadra and leads to the demonstration of the otherworld and the purgatory. In volitional death, the imaginary perception is able to perceive the invisible world free from the worldly affairs and interferences of the sensory perception as well as the effects of the rational forms. This takes place as the result of existential transcendence of the soul and the evolution of human worldly existence into the otherworldly existence and the promotion of the perceptual level. Moreover, Mulla Sadra divides volitional death into various types which this article seeks to philosophically analyze by laying the emphasis on the existential vision of Mulla Sadra, multiplicity of human type variety, practical reasoning, and types of volitional death. The philosophical analysis of volitional death, based on the aforementioned triple principles, has no precedent in any other study.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
27
46
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5242_f75a9918761506c7cd7b8bee42334a6e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5242
Inconsistency between Plantinga’s general and religious episteme
seyyed ali
alamolhoda
associat professor
author
Akram
Askarzadeh Mazrae
Assistant Prof of Mohaghegh Ardabili University
author
Jalal
Paykani
Associate Prof of Payame Noor
author
text
article
2019
per
If we take the assumption that the principles of a theory should be consistent with its whole and study the relationship between Plantinga’s general epistemology and religious epistemology, we realize that most of his controversial arguments in the domain of religious epistemology, known for being grounded in the theory of faith in God, are inconsistent with his own general epistemology which is realized in the theory of warrant. It is not easy to assume that the recent conflicting claims can be derived from the theory of warrant. The most important indications of incompatibility discussed in this article are: i) Plantinga's theory of general epistemology argues that with the proper functioning of epistemic faculties, one can probably achieve very true beliefs; yet, he considers achieving certain and fundamental beliefs to be the product of appropriate functioning of theological faculties; ii) in general epistemology, the warrant of a belief results in its truthfulness. However, to him, truthfulness in religious beliefs renders the warrant; iii) according to the theory of proper functioning, a faculty loses its proper function and may not lead to a true belief if it is not actualized. However, in the case of a theological faculty, it is possible that even a non-actualized faculty functions properly and leads to a confirming true belief; iv) the construct of religious experiences is different from that of general experiences; v) the element of proper situation does not play a key role in the general beliefs, while, in religious beliefs, it leads to infallible ones.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
47
64
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5243_586b0331a1123d1e72488aaf6b6b15c9.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5243
Agent-Causation and Rationality Problem
Bahram
Alizadeh
Assistant Professor
Department of Philosophy
Faculty of Literature and Humanities
Kharazmi University
Tehran
Iran
author
text
article
2019
per
The most widely discussed skeptical argument to show the incoherency of Libertarian freedom is the one raised by Galen Strawson, which he calls the Basic Argument and has been the subject of much debate. The main idea of this argument is; Having a true free will of the libertarian kind would require that one be a causa sui—a cause of oneself. But being a causa sui is impossible for human beings. This problem is described as "the intelligibility Question" or ‘luck’ problem. The Question is; Can we make sense of freedom that is incompatible with determinism? The ‘intelligibility’ arises when the actions seem to lack sufficient reason. Agent-causalists claim that their view can solve the problem. According to this view, agent has a kind of relation to their actions -direct causation- which is a primitive one; it is not reducible into causation by events or occurrences. In this study, the basic argument and agent-causal position on control are examined. It is concluded that it is possible for agent-causal view to evade the threat of this argument.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
65
84
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5244_db2d0c1e32c4b8304434c45d2fc474a8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5244
Looking for what meaning? (Review of Camus's view on the meaning of life)
ali
fathi
Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Tehran
author
text
article
2019
per
Is life worth living? Camus is one of the contemporary thinkers who revisit philosophy in the face of this Socratic question. He considers man's crisis today as a crisis of meaning in the realm of life, and through consciousness of human’s selflessness and the rejection of any kind of epistemic approaches to life such as metaphysical systems and religious schools, he has tried to provide a way for understanding the nihilism and the absurdity of mankind. In the meantime, by impersonating man and his life, rejecting any religious and metaphysical beliefs, and redefining such concepts as dignity, decency, and the theme of rebellion, as well as living in the present, he intends to show a way to help man heal and get through this nihilism, and likewise, provides a new meaning to man’s modern life. This article briefly explores the various theories of "meaning" in the discussion of the "meaning of life", along with the interpretation of Albert Camus' perspective. Finally, by referring to some of the fundamental conflicts that exist in Camus' view of the meaning of life, it provides a way to critique this view.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
85
102
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5245_e73c58222b00e5318138368e5787b4b6.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5245
Epistemic value of presumption in Fakhr – Al – Din Razi’s point of view
(From epistemological validity of presumption to its functions in theism & motivations of act)
Hashem
GHorbani
گروه معارف اسلامی دانشگاه امام خمینی (ره)
author
Fereshteh
Abolhasani Niaraki
گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی دانشگاه مازندران
author
text
article
2019
per
This article explores Razi’s view of presumption and its epistemological validity. The conceptual analysis of presumption demonstrates that Razi has applied it in different meanings. This article attempts to delineate the most important modes of validation of presumption in Razi’s epistemology. Of the six modes of validity of presumption discovered, two modes are more important: the representation of reality in presumption and plurality of presumption. The representation of reality is the most important mode of validity of certainty and real perceptions which are based on correspondence theory. The question is whether or not presumption has epistemic values. And generally speaking, what is the position of presumption in the representation of reality? Razi constructs non-certain knowledge in an epistemic process in which the plurality of presumptions has caused certainty in human perceptions. The presumption of plurality represents reality when involved in the process of certain-making, and there is a relationship between claimed and real indicative. For this reason, in describing this relationship, Razi utilizes the word “preparing cause” as opposed to “acqiuring” which exists in some real percepts. This relationship is the source of representation of reality and epistemological validity. So, Razi analyzes presumption in a process with a systematical view and does not consider it in isolation from other human beliefs. He sketches a model including the epistemological application of presumption in the process of assurance-making reasons to accept the existence of God and motives of act.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
103
124
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5246_246c8fe6328577eeb41da0e00db50b11.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5246
Bodily Resurrection after Death (future life) in the View of Sadr-al Motaa'leen and Stephen T.Davis
Mohammad Reza
Mottaghyan
استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور
author
text
article
2019
per
There are not any controversies in the basics of resurrection after death (future life) among theologians, but there are different views about its quality. The truth of human being, the criterion of his personal identity, and the doubts raised by the view of bodily resurrection have caused researchers and thinkers from different schools of thoughts and ideologies to adopt various stands. Of all scholars, Sadr-al Motaa'leen and Stephen T. Davis have a special position. This article depicts different views of these two famous philosophers from the East and West, shows the proximity in their thinking, and presents a critique of their perspectives. As for proximity, both accept the physical and spiritual resurrection after death. However, they approach the subject differently. The difference can be found in the quality. Sadr al-Muta'allehin believes in the physical resurrection from Shari'a point of view, but from the philosophical point of view, he accepts the bodily resurrection in the form of a semi-spiritual being. However, in both respects, Davis claims that the bodily resurrection presents itself only in the form of a physical being. Their philosophical differences are based on the solution of two problems including the human truth and the criterion of his personal identity. According to Sadr al-Muta'allehin, the truth of man is the soul, and the criterion of his personal identity in all worldly and otherworldly affairs is the soul. Davis holds that the truth of man is the material body and the incorporeal soul, and the criterion of his personal identity is both the body and the soul. Finally, this article concludes that man’s resurrection, from both religious and rational points of view, is materialized in the form of both physical and incorporeal beings.
Journal of Religious Thought : A Quarterly Journal of Shiraz University
Shiraz University
2251-6123
19
v.
70
no.
2019
125
144
https://jrt.shirazu.ac.ir/article_5247_52465b91b20b71beb6c46f14528b3fda.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22099/jrt.2019.5247